General anaesthesia for cardiac MRI is governed by similar principles for any anesthetic technique in children with heart disease. High-risk imaging refers to imaging in patients with medical or health-related risks, imaging with equipment-related risks, and procedure-related risks such as MRI-guided surgery, minimally invasive procedures. MRI can be performed in patients who have undergone previous cardiac surgery. Absolute contraindications include patients with pacemakers and defibrillators.  A Deep sedation or general anaesthesia is indicated in neonates, infants and small children for MRI. The challenges during MRI include limited access to patient and equipment, low ambient temperature with risk for hypothermia and a noisy unfamiliar environment with remote location from the operating room. Anesthetic care for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as moderate sedation, deep sedation, monitored anesthesia care, general anesthesia, or ventilatory and critical care support.

Heart transplant is a treatment that's usually reserved for people this is a treatment option for people who are in the end stages of heart failure, but their conditions haven't sufficiently improved. 90% of heart transplants are performed on patients with end-stage heart failure. A heart transplant is an operation in which the diseased heart in a person is replaced with a healthy heart from a deceased donor. The first heart transplant patient survived only 18 days, four of Groote Schuur Hospital’s first 10 patients survived for more than one year, two living for 13 and 23 years, respectively. Clinical research studies are designed to answer specific questions, sometimes about a new drug or medical device's safety and effectiveness. Rejection is the most common cause of the donor heart failing in heart transplant patients. If the transplanted heart fails, the patient dies.

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) using an external pump, offers both a better blood glucose stability as compared to multiple daily injections and a broader flexibility in life mode, and reduces the frequency of severe hypoglycemia. An insulin pump is a small device about the size of a small cell phone that is worn externally and can be discreetly clipped to your belt, slipped into a pocket, or hidden under your clothes. Advances in technology have allowed individuals with diabetes a choice in insulin delivery methods: MDI or CSII. Insulin pump therapy is an increasingly popular method of insulin replacement therapy. Because the insulin delivery from insulin pumps can more closely mimic what your body does naturally, you can improve your blood sugar control.

Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery performed on the heart or blood vessels by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart diseases like coronary artery bypass grafting ,to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

The present study compared the clinical prediction of the effect of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on coronary blood flow and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with changes in gated myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Our clinical prediction models could enhance the identification of patients at low risk of significant CAD for whom CCA might potentially be avoided before cardiac surgery. Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting is safe, feasible, and associated with excellent outcomes and graft patency at 6 months post-surgery. To determine if coronary computed tomographic angiography enhances prediction of perioperative risk in patients before non-cardiac surgery and to assess the preoperative coronary anatomy in patients who experience a myocardial infarction after non-cardiac surgery.

Epidemiology is often considered the key scientific underpinning of public health practice. Epidemiology is the study of disease in populations. Veterinarians and others involved in the preventive medicine and public health professions use epidemiological methods for disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and observational studies to identify risk factors of zoonotic disease in both human and animal populations. Epidemiology is often considered the key scientific underpinning of public health practice this commentary examines the scope of epidemiology and delineates the role of epidemiology in relation to public health.

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. Cardiovascular Engineering: An International Journal is a publishing forum that promotes innovative methods and technological advancements in the basic understanding of the cardiovascular system and in cardiovascular diagnosis and treatment applications. Cardiovascular solid mechanics work addresses the mechanical properties and stresses in healthy and diseased arterial cross sections and examines the role of mechanical factors in the disruption of atherosclerotic plaques.

Our vascular biology research focuses largely on diseases of the aorta and diseases involving leaky blood vessels, including age-related macular degeneration, peripheral vascular disease, stroke and solid tumour growth. The vascular network consists of both small and large vessels specifically designed to accommodate varying levels of blood flow and pressure, depending upon the location within the body.

The pathophysiology of essential hypertension in men and women remains under investigation and the mechanisms responsible for the sexual dimorphism in blood pressure control are unclear. Sex-specific hemodynamic characteristics and the influence of sex hormones may account for some of the differences. Studies of the effects on blood pressure of menopausal hormone therapy have yielded conflicting results. In the WHI, women using hormone replacement therapy had a lower prevalence of hypertension (35%) than never users (41%), but users tended to be younger and thinner. After adjustment for these and other potentially confounding variables, the current use of hormone replacement therapy was associated with a 25% increase in the risk of hypertension compared with never use or past use. The pediatric cardiology and congenital heart disease have experienced considerable progress in the last few years, with advances in new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that can be applied at all stages of life from the fetus to the adult.

Expert fetal cardiac evaluation is performed using superior ultrasound machinery with the highest resolution imaging available, including 2D and Doppler analysis, as well as 3D and 4D technology. Initial detection of cancer in children also is taking earlier attention in Clinical Pediatrics cancer. This allows us to perform first trimester screening so that patients can be referred at the earliest stages of pregnancy. Clinical Pediatrics allergy is also one of the most important and widely studied areas in novel research of this field, Clinical Pediatrics is a medical journal that follow to child-center care, the clinical, scientific, behavioral, educational, or ethical nature. The Fetal Cardiology Program offers evaluation, diagnosis and management of pregnancies at-risk for fetal structural heart defects and rhythm disturbances.

Cardiovascular pharmacology deals with the medication of cardiac diseases. The Cardiac Drugs are used to treat conditions of the heart or the circulatory or vascular system. Many classes of cardiovascular agents are available to treat the various cardiovascular conditions. In this sub topic we have Sodium, potassium, calcium channel blockers, ACE-inhibitors and Cardiac biomarkers.

Cardiovascular toxicology may be caused due to chemotherapy or due to the medication for the treatment of heart diseases. Cardiovascular Pharmacology deals with the study of drug action which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the tissue, cell, organ or organism. The interactions affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. The cardiovascular group is studying the connections between salt intake or obesity on blood pressure control mechanisms. These investigators use state of the art molecular, cellular and integrative approaches to study vascular function and neural control of blood pressure.

This chapter presents some preliminary findings and hypotheses drawn from field interviews with key participants who are involved in the innovation process in two important and widely used technologies that provide diagnostic information about the heart. It provides a forum for original and review articles related to experimental cardiology that meet its stringent scientific standards. Analysis of this tentative model of the innovation process helped us to identify some points of leverage for increasing the rate and sharpening the focus of innovation. We discuss how these levers could productively stimulate changes in managerial and public policy.  If much of what will transpire over the course of a day involves the use of various medical products, then what is needed are methods by which there can be a knowledge transfer (education) between the industry and cardiovascular clinicians. Much of the progress in cardiology during the 20th century was made possible by improved diagnostic tools.

Heart attack mistakenly refers to cardiac arrest, but heart attacks are caused by a blockage that stops the blood supply to the heart. This is because a person who is having a heart attack may develop a dangerous heart rhythm, which can cause a cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest refers to the disruption of heart function that is the malfunction of electrical system of the heart. This analysis demonstrates that the annual NIH investment in CA research is low relative to other leading causes of death in the United States and has declined over the past decade. Many cardiac arrests in adults happen because of a heart attack. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from cardiac arrest is a major international public health problem accounting for an estimated 15–20% of all deaths; it is a leading cause of death in the United States.

A healthy diet and lifestyle are our best weapons to fight cardiovascular disease, Regular exercise builds lean muscle, which burns more calories than fat When combined with a healthy diet, exercise can speed up weight loss.  it's the overall pattern of our choices that counts. Some of the barriers and facilitators identified by young people had been addressed by soundly evaluated effective interventions, the prevalence of physical inactivity among 51% of adult Canadians is higher than that of all other modifiable risk factors, but significant gaps were identified where no evaluated interventions appear to have been published (e.g. better labelling of food products), or where there were no methodologically sound evaluations. Exercise can also lower blood pressure. It reduces your risk of heart disease and reduces levels of LDL “bad” cholesterol. DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), which helps to lower blood pressure, or TLC (Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes), which focuses on lowering our cholesterol levels. This helps it pump more blood with each heartbeat. This delivers more oxygen to our body. With more oxygen, our body functions more efficiently. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a widening variety of other chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer colon and breast, obesity, hypertension, bone and joint diseases osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, and depression. Rigorous evaluation is required particularly to assess the effectiveness of increasing the availability of affordable healthy food in the public and private spaces occupied by young people. Lack of exercise, a poor diet and other unhealthy habits can take their toll over the years Exercise makes your heart stronger.

Childhood obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents worldwide. Overweight and obese children are more likely to stay obese into adulthood and to develop noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. Having diabetes or pre-diabetes puts one at increased risk for heart disease and stroke. Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of premature death & disability in adulthood. One can lower its risk by keeping the blood glucose (also called blood sugar), blood pressure, and blood cholesterol close to the recommended target numbers—the levels suggested by diabetes experts for good health. Stroke and coronary heart disease can be caused by the same problem – atherosclerosis. For most NCDs resulting from obesity, the risks depend partly on the age of onset and on the duration of obesity. The prevalence of obesity is highest among specific ethnic groups. Obesity increases the risk of heart diseases in children and adults. Childhood obesity predisposes the individual to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver and kidney diseases and causes reproductive dysfunction in adults.